Great Lakes a great place for archeologists!
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Please stop the madness. Decimated means "1 in 10 killed" All you young 'uns all---including CBS, NBC, ABC, PBS, CBC, BBC, NPR, --all use it to me "totally fucked up all massakrated to hell and everybody dead" Please read. language will bleach out to nothingness and be decimated of all meaning if we continue to use words to me diametrically the opposite of what they mean: Decimation (Roman army) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Decimated) Jump to: navigation, search Roman Millitary banner.svg This article is part of the series on: Military of ancient Rome (portal) 753 BC – AD 476 Structural history Roman army (unit types and ranks, legions, auxiliaries, generals) Roman navy (fleets, admirals) Campaign history Lists of wars and battles Decorations and punishments Technological history Military engineering (castra, siege engines, arches, roads) Political history Strategy and tactics Infantry tactics Frontiers and fortifications (limes, Hadrian's Wall) This box: view · talk · edit Decimation (Latin: decimatio; decem = "ten"  was a form of military discipline used by officers in the Roman Army to punish mutinous or cowardly soldiers. The word decimation is derived from Latin meaning "removal of a tenth".[1]
Contents [hide] * 1 Procedure * 2 Sources * 3 Modern instances of decimation * 4 Current usage of the word * 5 See also * 6 Notes * 7 External links [edit] Procedure A unit selected for punishment by decimation was divided into groups of ten; each group drew lots (Sortition), and the soldier on whom the lot fell was executed by his nine comrades, often by stoning or clubbing.[citation needed] The remaining soldiers were given rations of barley instead of wheat and forced to sleep outside the Roman encampment. Because the punishment fell by lot, all soldiers in the group were eligible for execution, regardless of the individual degree of fault, or rank and distinction. The leadership was usually executed independently of the one in ten deaths of the rank and file.[citation needed] [edit] Sources The earliest documented decimation occurred in 471 BC during the Roman Republic's early wars against the Volsci and is recorded by Livy.[2] The practice was revived by Crassus in 71 BC during the Third Servile War against Spartacus, and some historic sources attribute part of Crassus' success to it. Julius Caesar is often reported as having used the practice on the 9th Legion during the war against Pompey, but this has been disproved.[3] Polybius gives one of the first descriptions of the practice in the early 3rd century BC: "If ever these same things happen to occur among a large group of men... the officers reject the idea of bludgeoning or slaughtering all the men involved [as is the case with a small group or an individual]. Instead they find a solution for the situation which chooses by a lottery system sometimes five, sometimes eight, sometimes twenty of these men, always calculating the number in this group with reference to the whole unit of offenders so that this group forms one-tenth of all those guilty of cowardice. And these men who are chosen by lot are bludgeoned mercilessly in the manner described above [see original text]."[4] Plutarch describes the process in his life of Antony. After a defeat in Media: "Antony was furious and employed the punishment known as 'decimation' on those who had lost their nerve. What he did was divide the whole lot of them into groups of ten, and then he killed one from each group, who was chosen by lot; the rest, on his orders were given barley rations instead of wheat."[5] Decimation was still being practiced during the time of the Roman Empire. Suetonius records that it was used for the last time by Emperor Augustus in 17 BC[6] while Tacitus records that Lucius Apronius used decimation to punish a full cohort of the III Augusta after their defeat by Tacfarinas in AD 20.[7] A legend [8] suggests that the Theban Legion was decimated in the third century AD. The Legion had refused to a man, to accede to an order of the Emperor, and the process was repeated until none were left. They became known as the Martyrs of Agaunum. Byzantine Emperor Maurice forbade in his Strategikon the decimation and other brutal punishments. According to him, punishments where the rank and file see their comrades dying by the hands of their own brothers-in-arms could lead to collapse of morale. Moreover, it will seriously deplete the manpower of the fighting unit.
Actually the strength of the domestic markets, a surplus of skilled (ever arriving millions of trained workers from civilised Europe) workers, a respectable Protestant investment in schooling and literacy allowed many many big US companies to establish overseas factories even before WWI. Look up when Ford started in UK and Germany, Look up International harvester's operations in the Russian Empire-- and Putilov works Also look up "Total Wage Costs" and you'll see that the total wage, the cost per hour to the employer have been higher in most of western Europe since they earlly 70s, and in japan since maybe '72. John Vanlandingham Sleezattle, WA, USA Vive le Prole-le-ralliat www.rallyrace.net/jvab CALL +1 206 431-9696 Remember! Pacific Standard Time is 3 hours behind Eastern Standard Time. |
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Alex Staidle Infallible Moderator Location: Δx = ħ/2Δp Join Date: 08/21/2009 Age: Settling Down Posts: 1,719 Rally Car: Various Heaps |
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Well kinda an interesting point in each of the countries. I have errands I have to run but briefly think of the literally thousands and thousands of aircraft the Soviets were pouring out of their factories----once they were disassembled and moved out of bomber range in late 41 and 42, their production figures are eye popping. TENS of thousands of T34s and improved versions all the time, then new designs too JS1 JS2 (gawd think of the escalation in main guns from 1939 to 1944--from 37mm short barreled stuff to 75 long, and then 88 long and then 120mm. ) Look at this: Tanks and self-propelled guns [1] Artillery [2] Mortars [3] Machineguns [4] Military trucks Soviet Union 105,251 92,595 516,648 200,300 1,477,400 197,100 United States 88,410 71,067 257,390 105,055 2,679,840 2,382,311 United Kingdom 27,896 124,877 102,950 297,336 480,943 Canada 5,678 2150 43,552 251,925 815,729 Other Commonwealth 5,215 46,014 37,983 Germany 67,429 43,920 159,147 73,484 674,280 345,914 Japan 2,515 13,350 380,000 165,945 Italy 2,473 7,200 83,000 Hungary 500 447 4,583 See more and clearer here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II So to the very end industrial production increasing---some late '44 and 45 figures reflect the clear fact that the war was reaching an end and equipment in the pipeline would fill needs. As for German, French and Japanese production, yeah a lot was bombed to hell, but the effectiveness of the Allied Stategic bombing Campaign was far far far lower than wartime estimates. Read thru "The Strategic Bombing Survey", and read between the lines a bit. http://www.anesi.com/ussbs02.htm basically it says that while it appeared like there was massive destruction of factories that most of the damage was to buildings, and roads and electrical grid and it was pretty hard to destroy the lathes and mills and tools, and that frequently after a short reduction in production, production was often back up to near previous levels within a couple of weeks... and that the really decisive results wasn't the bombing of cities and factories, but (since 90% of German freight moved by rail, and nearly all electricity was in coal fired plants, ) in the destruction of rail yards and freight cars leading to electrical shut downs. (Problem is its not very exciting to brag about shooting up a row of hopper cars full of coal--the Army Air Force was highly romaticised and individual air combat portrayed as shining knights dueling in blah blah---and so much effort and money and lives had been expended on the massive city bombing efforts (which killed : mostly old men, women and children has to be "glorifed" or justified). Here is a horrifying review of the % of total population killed in that war. As you'll see, Germany, Soviet Union, Latvia, Poland suffered losses aof around at LEAST 1 in 10 of pre war population Further down there is a chart showing % of military forces killed with 25% of all Soviets in service killed, 245 of all Japanese in miltary killed, 31% of all German military killed (and US for a comparison 2.8%) And as horrible as all that was, losses were made up in just a few years. it was called the baby boom--and I was born in the early part of it.
More later on that bit. But one element which cannot be argued away is that both the war and the recovery EVERYWHERE involved an unprecedented level of government planning and cooperation with business of all sorts, (not the "Free market" and was then correctly looked at as an investment in peace..
And the prosperity was icing on the cake. John Vanlandingham Sleezattle, WA, USA Vive le Prole-le-ralliat www.rallyrace.net/jvab CALL +1 206 431-9696 Remember! Pacific Standard Time is 3 hours behind Eastern Standard Time. |
John Vanlandingham Mod Moderator Location: Ford Asylum, Sleezattle, WA Join Date: 12/20/2005 Age: Fossilized Posts: 14,152 Rally Car: Saab 96 V4 |
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